Voltaire
An Author Profile

❧ Full name and titles: François-Marie Arouet, pen name “Voltaire” [frän-swä mä-rē äŕ-wĕ, võł-têŕ; see our pronunciation guide for details]
❧ Dates: 21 Nov. 1694-30 May 1778
❧ Areas active: Kingdom of France; Great Britain; Prussia (modern northern Germany and western Poland); Geneva
❧ Original language of writing: French
❧ Exemplary or important works: Sémiramis (named for the legendary queen of Assyria); Essai sur les Mœurs et l’Esprit des Nations (“Essay on the Customs and Spirits of the Nations”); Candide, ou l’Optimisme (“Candide: Or, Optimism”); Le Siécle de Louis XIV (“The Age of Louis XIV”); Dictionnaire Philosophique (“Philosophical Dictionary”)

Eighteenth-century France was arguably the epicenter of the Enlightenment. This period was turning point between the Reformation and its attendant religious wars throughout Europe, and what we think of as modernity proper, the industrial age. Philosophically, it was a period of considerable upheaval: Christianity was challenged, Protestant and Catholic alike; classical Liberalism emerged and opposed or modified whole political systems; empiricism, skepticism, and rationalism became mainstream schools of thought. No single figure embodied all these changes more than a certain François-Marie Arouet, who wrote under the name Voltaire.

Author of dozens of pamphlets, plays, histories, essays, novels, and poems, Voltaire advanced arguments in favor of religious toleration and was highly critical of the monarchy, both for its persecution of French Jews and Protestants and for its absolutism in general. He was not enthusiastic about religion himself, to put it mildly: though a convinced deist, he regarded most religions as thoroughly corrupt and superstitious (though he admired Confucianism). He was even reported, probably inaccurately, to have replied on his deathbed to a priest who asked him to renounce the devil, “Now now, my good man, this is no time to be making enemies.” He is known to have used the slogan Écrasez l’infâme, “Smash the infamy,” in reference to abuses of royal and religious power, and was celebrated for his posthumous exoneration of Jean Calas, a Huguenot tortured and executed on false charges of murdering his son.

His hostility to crown and crozier alike was met with an equal hostility from the authorities, particularly the Jesuit order, and he spent much of his life in exile from France, voluntary or involuntary. After a brief imprisonment in the Bastille, Voltaire spent two and a half years living in England, where he rubbed shoulders with figures like Jonathan Swift and Alexander Pope. He also spent two extended periods as the guest of Frederick the Great, the king of Prussia, and lived for some time in Geneva as well.

In addition to politics and philosophy, he had a major impact on how history was approached as a scholarly discipline. He questioned and re-checked evidence rather than taking sources at their word, and tended to focus on social and cultural phenomena rather than political, diplomatic, and military affairs.

In 1791, thirteen years after his death, Voltaire’s remains were brought to Paris by the revolutionaries. In a way this encapsulates his legacy. The French and American Revolutions have directed politics ever since, not only in their own nations, but around the globe, both by example and by direct intervention.

Cover image of the Hall of Mirrors in Versailles Palace, France, courtesy of Wikimedia Commons.

Every week, we publish a profile of one of the figures from the CLT author bank. For an introduction to classic authors, see our guest post from Keith Nix, founder of the Veritas School in Richmond, VA.

If you liked this post, take a look at some of our other author profiles, like Tertullian or Charlotte Bronte. Or take a look at one of our top-scoring students’ essays on Aleksandr Solzhenitsyn’s novel Cancer Ward.

Published on 15th June, 2020.